Mosquitoes aren’t just annoying—they’re a major public health concern. These blood-feeding insects can transmit diseases to people and animals, including malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Zika virus. Learn more about mosquito-borne illnesses from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) here.
A mosquito repellent is a product that helps prevent mosquitoes from landing and biting by masking or blocking the scents that attract them. People use repellents to reduce bites and lower the risk of mosquito-borne diseases.
Repellents come in many forms—sprays, lotions, oils, wipes, coils, candles, and wearable or plug-in devices. Common active ingredients include DEET, picaridin, IR3535, and oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE/PMD). Citronella-based products are also popular, though they tend to offer shorter protection.
How Do You Choose Which Mosquito Repellent Is Best for You?
Mosquito repellent is a must-have if you live in or are traveling to an area where mosquitoes are prevalent. When choosing the best mosquito repellent for your needs, consider the following:
- How long it lasts: Protection time varies by active ingredient and concentration. Higher concentrations typically last longer (for example, DEET at 20–30% often provides several hours of protection). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offers a tool to help you pick an effective product here.
- Type of protection: Decide whether you need repellent for skin, clothing, or both. Permethrin can be used to treat clothing and gear (never apply permethrin directly to skin). See CDC guidance on preventing mosquito bites here.
- Scent and feel: Some products have a noticeable scent or a heavier feel on skin. Unscented or low-odor options are available if you’re sensitive to fragrances.
- Skin sensitivity: If you have sensitive skin, choose fragrance-free lotions or creams and perform a patch test. Avoid undiluted essential oils on skin.
- Age and health considerations: Most repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or IR3535 can be used on children 2 months and older; oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE/PMD) is not recommended for children under 3 years. For family-specific guidance, see the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations.
- Activity and environment: Humid, mosquito-dense areas and activities like hiking, camping, or fishing may require longer-lasting or more robust protection.
Best Homemade Mosquito Repellents for the Family & Pets
DIY repellents can add a pleasant scent and may provide light, short-term protection. However, their effectiveness is generally limited compared with EPA-registered products. Always patch test before applying to skin, keep products away from eyes and mouth, and use extra caution around children and pets—many essential oils can be irritating or toxic to animals. Learn more about essential oils and pet safety here.
1. Lemon juice (for light, short-term use)
A simple citrus spray can lightly freshen indoor spaces and may help discourage mosquitoes for a short period. Combine 1/4 cup of lemon juice with water in a clean spray bottle and use as a light room or patio spritz. Avoid adding sugar, which can attract insects. Do not spray directly on sensitive skin, and avoid sun exposure after application, as citrus can increase photosensitivity.
2. Citronella candles
Citronella candles can offer modest, localized protection, especially in small, sheltered areas with minimal wind. For broader coverage, place multiple candles around seating areas, such as room corners and window sills. Never leave burning candles unattended and keep them out of reach of children and pets. Note that effectiveness diminishes outdoors in breezy conditions.
3. Camphor balls (use with care)
Camphor has a strong scent that may deter mosquitoes in enclosed spaces. Some people apply camphor oil to cotton balls and place them in a room for a temporary effect. Avoid applying camphor oil directly to skin—it can be irritating and is not safe for everyone (including children, pregnant individuals, and pets). Use only in well-ventilated areas and keep out of reach of children and animals.
4. Vinegar and water mixture
A 1:1 mixture of vinegar and water can be used as a household spray on surfaces or around entry points. While it may help reduce insect interest in certain areas, it is not as reliable as commercial repellents for preventing bites. If you try it on skin, use sparingly and avoid open cuts or sensitive areas due to potential irritation.
Tip: If you prefer plant-based protection with better evidence than typical DIY recipes, look for EPA-registered products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE/PMD). These undergo testing for safety and effectiveness. You can search for them using the EPA tool here.
What Is the Best Way to Apply Mosquito Repellent?
Correct application helps you get the most protection from your repellent:
- Read the label: Follow all directions, warnings, and reapplication intervals specific to your product.
- Apply to exposed skin and clothing: Do not apply under clothing. Use just enough to cover; more is not better.
- Face and hands: Spray your hands first, then gently apply to your face, avoiding eyes, nose, and mouth. Avoid children’s hands entirely.
- Children: An adult should apply repellent to their own hands and then to the child. Follow age-specific guidance for active ingredients.
- With sunscreen: Apply sunscreen first, let it absorb, then apply repellent. Avoid combination products, as reapplication needs differ.
- Clothing and gear: Consider permethrin-treated clothing for added protection (apply permethrin to clothing only, never to skin). See CDC tips on preventing bites here.
- Reapply as directed: Swimming, sweating, and time reduce effectiveness; reapply according to the label.
- After use: Wash treated skin with soap and water and launder clothing before wearing again.
Repellents begin working as soon as they’re applied and allowed to dry, so you can apply them just before going outside. For high-mosquito areas or extended time outdoors, combine repellent use with other protective measures such as long sleeves, pants, window screens, fans, and eliminating standing water around your home.
